Nepal to play Malaysia in ACC T20 opener
By Cricket.com.np August 28, 2009 · Comment on this newsFiled under: -->
(Updated with fixture on September 8.)Nepal will begin it’s campaign against Malaysia in the ACC Twenty20 Championship in UAE in Group B which also consists Oman, Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain. The event will be held in UAE from November 20 to 30, according to Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN). ..
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Cricket dominates NSJF PoY nominations
By Cricket.com.np September 3, 2009 · Comment on this newsFiled under: -->
Cricket dominated the Nepal Sports Journalists Forum (NSJF) Pulsar Player of the Year Awards nominations unveiled on Thursday. Among 20 nominations for four categories, cricket has six nominations – three for youth player of the year, two for coach of the year and one for female player of the year. Unfortunately, no cricketer was nominated for the Male Player of the Year. ..
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Nepali umpires making history at WCL Div 6
By Binod Pandey August 30, 2009 · Comment on this newsFiled under: -->
Pepsi World Cricket League Division 6 got underway in Singapore from Saturday. In the first day’s play between Norway and Botswana, which Norway won by 19 runs, Sanjay Gurung, a Nepali umpire, not only made his debut in an ICC event but alsRoy Dias – Magician with the willow
By Cricket.com.np August 25, 2009 · 5 CommentsFiled under: -->
(Written by M. A. Cyril, this article on Nepal’s national coach Roy Dias’ career appeared in THE ISLAND of Sri Lanka in three parts on August 23, 24, and 25.)
The mere mention of his name conjures up visions of a magician with the willow. He was the artist who touched your heart. The game was supreme and in that game he was the artist of artists. No figures can tell the story of his artistry. Words fail to picture him. But then the maestro was never the one to bat for records. His batsmanship was not a thought, but a feeling.
Roy Luke Dias was born on October 18, 1952, in Colombo and was educated at St. Peter’s College. He started playing cricket at the age of 10. He was in the college First XI team at the age of 14. Dias admits that he was not an outstanding batsman in his schooldays. It was only when he started playing in domestic cricket that Dias really blossomed. He first played for Colts Cricket Club and later joined the Sinhalese Sports Club (SSC). ..
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CAN secretary Pandey expires
By Cricket.com.np August 7, 2009 · Comments OffFiled under: -->
The secretary of the Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN), Shashidutta Pandey, died on Saturday morning. Pandey, 58, was suffering from jaundice and died in the course of treatment at the Medicare Hospital, Chabahil at about 6:45 am. He was admitted to the hospital at midnight Friday. ..o fulfilled his cherished dream.
Tuesday, September 8, 2009
Friday, September 4, 2009
Are u an Indian cricket Fan
Cricket in IndiaCricket in India
Locals in Bangalore playing cricket.
Cricket is the de facto national sport of India, and its development has been closely tied up with the history of the country, mirroring many of the political and cultural developments around issues such as caste, religion and nationality. Though cricket is indubitably the most popular sport in India, it is not the nation's official national sport (a distinction held by field hockey).
Contents[hide]
1 Organization of Cricket in Modern India
1.1 International Cricket
1.2 Domestic Competitions
2 References
3 External links
//
[edit] Organization of Cricket in Modern India
[edit] International Cricket
International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed pattern. For example, the English schedule under which the nation tours other countries during winter and plays at home during the summer. Generally, there has recently been a tendency to play more one-day matches than Test matches. Cricket in India is managed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the richest cricket board in the cricket world. Indian International Cricketing Squad has also provided some of the greatest players to the world. Indian cricket has a rich history.
[edit] Domestic Competitions
A Chennai vs Kolkata match in progress at the M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium
Ranji Trophy - Founded as 'The Cricket Championship of India' at a meeting of the Board of Control for Cricket in India in July 1934. The first Ranji Trophy fixtures took place in the 1934-35 season. Syed Mohammed Hadi of Hyderabad was the first batsman to score a century in the tournament. The Trophy was donated by H.H. Sir Bhupendra Singh Mahinder Baha-dur, Maharajah of Patiala in memory of His late Highness Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji of Nawanagar. In the main, the Ranji Trophy is composed of teams representing the states that make up India. As the political states have multiplied, so have cricket teams, but not every state has a team. Some states have more than one cricket team, e.g. Maharashtra and Gujarat. There are also 'odd' teams like Railways, and Services representing the armed forces. The various teams used to be grouped into zones - North, West, East, Central and South - and the initial matches were played on a league basis within the zones. The top two (until 1991-92) and then top three teams (subsequent years) from each zone then played in a national knock-out competition. Starting with the 2002-03 season, the zonal system has been abandoned and a two-division structure has been adopted with two teams being promoted from the plate league and two relegated from the elite league. If the knockout matches are not finished they are decided on the first-innings lead.
Irani Trophy - The Irani Trophy tournament was conceived during the 1959-60 season to mark the completion of 25 years of the Ranji Trophy championship and was named after the late Z.R. Irani, who was associated with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) from its inception in 1928, till his death in 1970 and a keen patron of the game. The first match, played between the Ranji Trophy champions and the Rest of India was played in 1959-60. For the first few years, it was played at the fag end of the season. Realising the importance of the fixture, the BCCI moved it to the beginning of the season. Since 1965-66, it has traditionally heralded the start of the new domestic season. The Irani Trophy game ranks very high in popularity and importance. It is one of the few domestic matches that is followed with keen interest by cricket lovers in the country. Leading players take part in the game which has often been a sort of selection trial to pick the Indian team for foreign tours.
Vijay Hazare Trophy- named after the prolific Indian batsman, the Vijay Hazare Trophy was started in 2002-03 as an attempt to bring the limited-overs game among a greater audience. The competition involves state teams from the Ranji trophy plates battling out in a 50-over competition, much on the lines of Ford Ranger Cup of Australia and Friends Provident Trophy of England. Since its conception, Tamil Nadu and Mumbai have won the trophy twice each. It is also dubbed as the Premier Cup by BCCI. It now joins Deodhar Trophy as the second one-day competition of Indian domestic circuit.
Duleep Trophy - The Duleep Trophy competition, a first-class competition, was started by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1961-62 with the aim of providing a greater competitive edge in domestic cricket - because, apart from the knock-out stages of the Ranji Trophy, that competition proved predictable, with Bombay winning for fifteen consecutive years. The Duleep was also meant to help the selectors in assessing form. The original format was that five teams, drawn from the five zones, play each other on a knock-out basis. From the 1993-94 season, the competition has been converted to a league format.
Deodhar Trophy - Started in 1973-74 by Board of Control for Cricket in India, it is the current one-day cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket. 5 zonal teams - North zone, South zone, East zone, West zone and Central zone feature in the competition. North zone have won this competition 11th time. It is also called All-Star Series due to some big names representing their Zonal sides in the one-day fixtures.
Challenger series - Started as the Challenger series by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1994-95 and later named as NKP Salve Challenger Trophy in 1998-99, the tournament features 3 teams: India senior, India A and India B playing each other. They were later renamed India Blue, India Red and India Green respectively. This competition also marked as the platform of return for some big names like Sachin Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly in 2005-06 season after they battled injury and form respectively. The tournament features the top 36 players from across India and is also the most popular domestic structure after IPL.
Inter-State T20 Championship - After India became another member of the ICC Twenty20 and played its first international T20 against South Africa, BCCI launched its own state structure in 2006-07 season, with 27 Ranji teams divided in 5 Zones. The final was played between Punjab and Tamil Nadu, which the latter won by 2 wickets and 2 balls remaining, thereby becoming the only ever winner of this series. In this series, Rohit Sharma also became the only ever Indian to register a T20 century for Mumbai against Gujarat. The competition was later replaced by a franchise-based IPL.
Indian Cricket League - Appalled by the state of domestic Indian cricket, Zee TV decided to launch this league as its own Twenty20 domestic series. The first matches were held in October 2007. The ICL sprung into the spotlight due to its head on battle with the Board of Control for Cricket in India. Brian Lara was the first international star to be officially drafted to play in the league. It also includes two fully drafted international teams from Pakistan and Bangladesh. Other big names include Chris Harris, Chris Cairns, Shane Bond, Marvan Atapattu, Craig Macmillan, Jason Gillespie, Stuart Law and Michael Bevan with many others.
Indian Premier League - In response to the rival ICL, the BCCI started the Twenty20 Indian Premier League (known as the IPL). This League has been launched by BCCI have received support from all the other Cricket Boards, and International Players could be drafted into City-based Franchises. The game has been likened to Baseball with crowd participation encouraged more strongly than in other forms of the game.It has been greatly acknowledged by people and has made huge profits.
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy - To be played for the first time in the 2008-09 season, this will be the first of its kind zonal T20 championship and the third overall in the Indian cricket season, which would see Ranji teams divided along zonal lines into two groups with the tournament culminating in the All India T20 final between the winners of the two groups for the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. Launched after the success of the IPL and the need of the BCCI to search for more talent in the growing regions of cricket.
BCCI Corporate Trophy - BCCI have set up a 12 team inter-corporate tournament which will involve all the top indian cricketers. The tournament will involve 50 over aside matches with the winner picking up Rs 1 Crore and the runner up getting Rs 50 lakh.
Locals in Bangalore playing cricket.
Cricket is the de facto national sport of India, and its development has been closely tied up with the history of the country, mirroring many of the political and cultural developments around issues such as caste, religion and nationality. Though cricket is indubitably the most popular sport in India, it is not the nation's official national sport (a distinction held by field hockey).
Contents[hide]
1 Organization of Cricket in Modern India
1.1 International Cricket
1.2 Domestic Competitions
2 References
3 External links
//
[edit] Organization of Cricket in Modern India
[edit] International Cricket
International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed pattern. For example, the English schedule under which the nation tours other countries during winter and plays at home during the summer. Generally, there has recently been a tendency to play more one-day matches than Test matches. Cricket in India is managed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the richest cricket board in the cricket world. Indian International Cricketing Squad has also provided some of the greatest players to the world. Indian cricket has a rich history.
[edit] Domestic Competitions
A Chennai vs Kolkata match in progress at the M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium
Ranji Trophy - Founded as 'The Cricket Championship of India' at a meeting of the Board of Control for Cricket in India in July 1934. The first Ranji Trophy fixtures took place in the 1934-35 season. Syed Mohammed Hadi of Hyderabad was the first batsman to score a century in the tournament. The Trophy was donated by H.H. Sir Bhupendra Singh Mahinder Baha-dur, Maharajah of Patiala in memory of His late Highness Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji of Nawanagar. In the main, the Ranji Trophy is composed of teams representing the states that make up India. As the political states have multiplied, so have cricket teams, but not every state has a team. Some states have more than one cricket team, e.g. Maharashtra and Gujarat. There are also 'odd' teams like Railways, and Services representing the armed forces. The various teams used to be grouped into zones - North, West, East, Central and South - and the initial matches were played on a league basis within the zones. The top two (until 1991-92) and then top three teams (subsequent years) from each zone then played in a national knock-out competition. Starting with the 2002-03 season, the zonal system has been abandoned and a two-division structure has been adopted with two teams being promoted from the plate league and two relegated from the elite league. If the knockout matches are not finished they are decided on the first-innings lead.
Irani Trophy - The Irani Trophy tournament was conceived during the 1959-60 season to mark the completion of 25 years of the Ranji Trophy championship and was named after the late Z.R. Irani, who was associated with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) from its inception in 1928, till his death in 1970 and a keen patron of the game. The first match, played between the Ranji Trophy champions and the Rest of India was played in 1959-60. For the first few years, it was played at the fag end of the season. Realising the importance of the fixture, the BCCI moved it to the beginning of the season. Since 1965-66, it has traditionally heralded the start of the new domestic season. The Irani Trophy game ranks very high in popularity and importance. It is one of the few domestic matches that is followed with keen interest by cricket lovers in the country. Leading players take part in the game which has often been a sort of selection trial to pick the Indian team for foreign tours.
Vijay Hazare Trophy- named after the prolific Indian batsman, the Vijay Hazare Trophy was started in 2002-03 as an attempt to bring the limited-overs game among a greater audience. The competition involves state teams from the Ranji trophy plates battling out in a 50-over competition, much on the lines of Ford Ranger Cup of Australia and Friends Provident Trophy of England. Since its conception, Tamil Nadu and Mumbai have won the trophy twice each. It is also dubbed as the Premier Cup by BCCI. It now joins Deodhar Trophy as the second one-day competition of Indian domestic circuit.
Duleep Trophy - The Duleep Trophy competition, a first-class competition, was started by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1961-62 with the aim of providing a greater competitive edge in domestic cricket - because, apart from the knock-out stages of the Ranji Trophy, that competition proved predictable, with Bombay winning for fifteen consecutive years. The Duleep was also meant to help the selectors in assessing form. The original format was that five teams, drawn from the five zones, play each other on a knock-out basis. From the 1993-94 season, the competition has been converted to a league format.
Deodhar Trophy - Started in 1973-74 by Board of Control for Cricket in India, it is the current one-day cricket competition in Indian domestic cricket. 5 zonal teams - North zone, South zone, East zone, West zone and Central zone feature in the competition. North zone have won this competition 11th time. It is also called All-Star Series due to some big names representing their Zonal sides in the one-day fixtures.
Challenger series - Started as the Challenger series by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1994-95 and later named as NKP Salve Challenger Trophy in 1998-99, the tournament features 3 teams: India senior, India A and India B playing each other. They were later renamed India Blue, India Red and India Green respectively. This competition also marked as the platform of return for some big names like Sachin Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly in 2005-06 season after they battled injury and form respectively. The tournament features the top 36 players from across India and is also the most popular domestic structure after IPL.
Inter-State T20 Championship - After India became another member of the ICC Twenty20 and played its first international T20 against South Africa, BCCI launched its own state structure in 2006-07 season, with 27 Ranji teams divided in 5 Zones. The final was played between Punjab and Tamil Nadu, which the latter won by 2 wickets and 2 balls remaining, thereby becoming the only ever winner of this series. In this series, Rohit Sharma also became the only ever Indian to register a T20 century for Mumbai against Gujarat. The competition was later replaced by a franchise-based IPL.
Indian Cricket League - Appalled by the state of domestic Indian cricket, Zee TV decided to launch this league as its own Twenty20 domestic series. The first matches were held in October 2007. The ICL sprung into the spotlight due to its head on battle with the Board of Control for Cricket in India. Brian Lara was the first international star to be officially drafted to play in the league. It also includes two fully drafted international teams from Pakistan and Bangladesh. Other big names include Chris Harris, Chris Cairns, Shane Bond, Marvan Atapattu, Craig Macmillan, Jason Gillespie, Stuart Law and Michael Bevan with many others.
Indian Premier League - In response to the rival ICL, the BCCI started the Twenty20 Indian Premier League (known as the IPL). This League has been launched by BCCI have received support from all the other Cricket Boards, and International Players could be drafted into City-based Franchises. The game has been likened to Baseball with crowd participation encouraged more strongly than in other forms of the game.It has been greatly acknowledged by people and has made huge profits.
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy - To be played for the first time in the 2008-09 season, this will be the first of its kind zonal T20 championship and the third overall in the Indian cricket season, which would see Ranji teams divided along zonal lines into two groups with the tournament culminating in the All India T20 final between the winners of the two groups for the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. Launched after the success of the IPL and the need of the BCCI to search for more talent in the growing regions of cricket.
BCCI Corporate Trophy - BCCI have set up a 12 team inter-corporate tournament which will involve all the top indian cricketers. The tournament will involve 50 over aside matches with the winner picking up Rs 1 Crore and the runner up getting Rs 50 lakh.
Lets talk about the countries in detail
The 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup was the ninth edition of the tournament and took place in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007, using the sport's One Day International format. There were a total of 51 matches played, three fewer than at the 2003 World Cup (despite a field larger by two teams).
The 16 competing teams were initially divided into four groups, with the two best-performing teams from each group moving on to a "Super 8" format. From this, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and South Africa won through to the semi-finals, with Australia defeating Sri Lanka in the final to win their third consecutive World Cup. Australia's unbeaten record in the tournament increased their total to 29 consecutive World Cup matches without loss, a streak dating back to 23 May 1999, during the group stage of the 1999 World Cup.
Following the tournament the ICC distributed surplus tournament revenues of USD 239 million to its members. [1]
The 16 competing teams were initially divided into four groups, with the two best-performing teams from each group moving on to a "Super 8" format. From this, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and South Africa won through to the semi-finals, with Australia defeating Sri Lanka in the final to win their third consecutive World Cup. Australia's unbeaten record in the tournament increased their total to 29 consecutive World Cup matches without loss, a streak dating back to 23 May 1999, during the group stage of the 1999 World Cup.
Following the tournament the ICC distributed surplus tournament revenues of USD 239 million to its members. [1]
World Cup 2007s Venues in the West Indies.
The World Cup was awarded to the West Indies via the International Cricket Council's rotational policy. It is the first time the Cricket World Cup has been held in the Caribbean despite the fact that the West Indies cricket team have been the second most successful team in past World Cups.[2]
The United States contingent lobbied strongly for matches to be staged at its newly built cricket ground in Lauderhill, Florida, but the ICC decided to award all matches to Caribbean nations. Bids from Bermuda, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and a second bid by Jamaica were also rejected.
Mello
The World Cup has grown as a media event with each tournament. The sponsorship and television rights that were awarded primarily to cover the 2003 and 2007 World Cups raised over US$550 m.[13] The 2007 World Cup was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion television viewers and was expected to generate more than 100,000 unique visitors to the West Indies who traveled solely for the tournament.[14][15]
The 2007 Cricket World Cup featured an orange raccoon-like creature named "Mello" as its mascot. It has been announced during matches that Mello has no race, species, age or gender- it is an attitude, the attitude of the young people of the West Indies. The official song for the World Cup was "The Game of Love and Unity" by Jamaican-born Shaggy, Bajan entertainer Rupee and Trinidadian Faye-Ann Lyons.
The 2007 tournament recorded the highest ticketing revenue for a Cricket World Cup, selling more than 672,000.[16] Although, attendance leading into the semi finals for the 2007 World Cup was 403,000; an average of 8,500 supporters per match.[17]
The World Cup has grown as a media event with each tournament. The sponsorship and television rights that were awarded primarily to cover the 2003 and 2007 World Cups raised over US$550 m.[13] The 2007 World Cup was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion television viewers and was expected to generate more than 100,000 unique visitors to the West Indies who traveled solely for the tournament.[14][15]
The 2007 Cricket World Cup featured an orange raccoon-like creature named "Mello" as its mascot. It has been announced during matches that Mello has no race, species, age or gender- it is an attitude, the attitude of the young people of the West Indies. The official song for the World Cup was "The Game of Love and Unity" by Jamaican-born Shaggy, Bajan entertainer Rupee and Trinidadian Faye-Ann Lyons.
The 2007 tournament recorded the highest ticketing revenue for a Cricket World Cup, selling more than 672,000.[16] Although, attendance leading into the semi finals for the 2007 World Cup was 403,000; an average of 8,500 supporters per match.[17]
World Famous Nations by Cricket
Cricketing Nations
List of International Cricket Council members
All members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) on this list are recognised by the ICC as the governing body of the sport of cricket in their respective nations or geographic area. The ICC was founded at Lord's on 15 June 1909 as the Imperial Cricket Conference,[1] with Australia, England, and South Africa as its founding members. In the beginning, only countries within the commonwealth could join.[2] These members were then joined by India, New Zealand, and the West Indies in 1926 and later by Pakistan in 1953.[3] In 1961, South Africa resigned due to their leaving the Commonwealth.[3] The Imperial Cricket Conference was renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965 with new rules permitting countries from outside the Commonwealth to be elected in to the governing body for the first time.[2] Any new member elected to the governing body could only be an Associate Member with the possibility of being promoted to a Full Member. The first Associates were Fiji and the USA.[2] In 1989, the ICC was again renamed, this time to International Cricket Council.[2] South Africa was reelected as a Full Member to the ICC in 1991 and Zimbabwe was elected in 1992.[3] The most recent new Full Member is Bangladesh, which was elected in 2000.[3] The ICC currently has 104 members.[4]
Membership is a hierarchy and there are three categories of membership: Full Members, Associate Members, and Affiliate Members.[2] In the highest category, there are 10 Full Members[5]. Below the Full Members are the 34 Associate Members.[4] In the lowest category, there are 60 Affiliate Members[6].
Contents[hide]
1 Full Members
2 Associate Members
3 Affiliate Members
4 References
//
[edit] Full Members
Full Members are the governing bodies for cricket in a country or associated countries. Full Members may also represent a geographical area. All Full Members have a right to send one representative team to play official Test matches. Also, all Full Member nations are automatically qualified to play ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals.[2] West Indies cricket team does not represent one country instead an amalgamation of several (over 20) countries from the Caribbean. The English Cricket team represents the countries of England and Wales.
Nation
Governing body
Member since
Australia
Cricket Australia
01909-07-15 15 July 1909[2]
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Cricket Board
02000-06-26 26 June 2000[2]
England
England and Wales Cricket Board
01909-07-15 15 July 1909[2]
India
Board of Control for Cricket in India
01926-05-31 31 May 1926[2]
New Zealand
New Zealand Cricket
01926-05-31 31 May 1926[2]
Pakistan
Pakistan Cricket Board
01953-07-28 28 July 1953[2]
South Africa
Cricket South Africa
01909-07-15 15 July 1909A[2]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Cricket
01981-07-21 21 July 1981[2]
West Indies
West Indies Cricket Board
01926-05-31 31 May 1926[2]
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Cricket Union
01992-07-06 6 July 1992[2]
AResigned May 1961, readmitted 10 July 1991.
[edit] Associate Members
These are countries where cricket is firmly established and organised but do not qualify for Full Membership.[2] There are 34 Associate Members.[4] Associates that have made it to World Cricket League Division 1 are awarded ODI status until 2009.[7] They are also awarded Twenty20 status.[8] Also, all Associates are eligible to play in the ICC World Cricket League.[9]
Nation
Governing body
Member since
Argentina
Asociacion de Cricket Argentino
01974 1974[10]
Belgium
Belgian Cricket Federation
01991 1991[11]
Bermuda
Bermuda Cricket Board
01966 1966[2]
Botswana
Botswana Cricket Association
02001 2001[12]
Canada
Cricket Canada
01968 1968[2]
Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands Cricket Association
01997 1997[13]
Denmark
Dansk Cricket Forbund
01966 1966[14]
Fiji
Fiji Cricket Association
01965 1965[15]
France
Association France Cricket
01998 1998[16]
Germany
Deutscher Cricket Bund
01999 1999[17]
Gibraltar
Gibraltar Cricket Association
01969 1969[18]
Guernsey
Guernsey Cricket Association
02008 2008[19]
Hong Kong
Hong Kong Cricket Association
01969 1969[2]
Ireland
Irish Cricket Union
01993 1993[2]
Israel
Israel Cricket Association
01974 1974[2]
Italy
Federazione Cricket Italiana
01995 1995[20]
Japan
Japan Cricket Association
01989 1989[21]
Jersey
Jersey Cricket Board
02007 2007[22]
Kenya
Cricket Kenya
01981 1981[2]
Kuwait
Kuwait Cricket Association
01998 1998[23]
Malaysia
Malaysian Cricket Association
01967 1967[24]
Namibia
Namibia Cricket Board
01992 1992[25]
Nepal
Cricket Association of Nepal
01996 1996[26]
Netherlands
Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond
01966 1966[2]
Nigeria
Nigeria Cricket Association
02002 2002[27]
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea Cricket Board
01973 1973[28]
Scotland
Cricket Scotland
01994 1994[2]
Singapore
Singapore Cricket Association
01974 1974[29]
Tanzania
Tanzania Cricket Association
02001 2001[30]
Thailand
Thailand Cricket League
01995 1995[31]
Uganda
Uganda Cricket Association
01998 1998[32]
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Cricket Board
01990 1990[33]
United States
United States of America Cricket Association
01965 1965[2]
Vanuatu
Vanuatu Cricket Association
02009 2009[34]
Zambia
Zambia Cricket Union
02003 2003[35]
[edit] Affiliate Members
These are countries where the ICC recognises that cricket is played according to the Laws of Cricket.[2] There are 60 Affiliate Members.[6] All Affiliates are eligible to play in the ICC World Cricket League.[9]
Nation
Governing body
Member since
Afghanistan
Afghanistan Cricket Federation
02001 2001[36]
Austria
Austrian Cricket Association
01992 1992[37]
Bahamas
Bahamas Cricket Association
01987 1987[38]
Bahrain
Bahrain Cricket Association
02001 2001[39]
Belize
Belize National Cricket Association
01997 1997[40]
Bhutan
Bhutan Cricket Council Board
02001 2001[41]
Brazil
Associaçao Brasileira de Cricket
02002 2002[42]
Brunei
Brunei Darussalam National Cricket Association
01992 1992[43]
Bulgaria
Bulgaria Cricket Federation
02008 2008[44]
Cameroon
Cameroon Cricket Association
02007 2007[45]
Chile
Asociacion Chilena de Cricket
02002 2002[46]
China
Chinese Cricket Board
02004 2004[47]
Cook Islands
Cook Islands Cricket Association
02000 2000[48]
Costa Rica
Costa Rica Cricket Association
02002 2002[49]
Croatia
Croatia Cricket Board
02001 2001[50]
Cuba
Cuban Cricket Commission
02002 2002[51]
Cyprus
Cyprus Cricket Association
01999 1999[52]
Czech Republic
Czech Republic Cricket Union
02000 2000[53]
Estonia
Estonia Cricket Association
02008 2008[54]
Falkland Islands
Falkland Cricket Association
02007 2007[55]
Finland
Finnish Cricket Association
02000 2000[56]
Gambia
Gambia Cricket Association
02002 2002[57]
Ghana
Ghana Cricket Association
02002 2002[58]
Greece
Hellenic Cricket Federation
01995 1995[59]
Indonesia
Indonesia Cricket Foundation
02001 2001[60]
Iran
Cricket Federation for the Islamic Republic of Iran
02003 2003[61]
Isle of Man
Isle of Man Cricket Association
02004 2004[62]
Lesotho
Lesotho Cricket Association
02001 2001[63]
Luxembourg
Luxembourg Cricket Federation
01998 1998[64]
Malawi
Malawi Cricket Association
02003 2003[65]
Maldives
Cricket Control Board of Maldives
01998 1998[66]
Mali
Fédération Malienne de Cricket
02005 2005[2]
Malta
Malta Cricket Association
01998 1998[67]
Mexico
Mexico Cricket Association
02004 2004[68]
Morocco
Moroccan Cricket Association
01999 1999[69]
Mozambique
Mozambican Cricket Association
02003 2003[70]
Myanmar
Myanmar Cricket Federation
02006 2006[71]
Norway
Norwegian Cricket Board
02000 2000[72]
Oman
Oman Cricket Board
02000 2000[73]
Panama
Panama Cricket Association
02002 2002[74]
Peru
Peru Cricket Association
02007 2007[2]
Philippines
Philippines Cricket Association
02000 2000[75]
Portugal
Federacao Portuguesa de Cricket
01996 1996[76]
Qatar
Qatar Cricket Association
01999 1999[77]
Rwanda
Rwanda Cricket Association
02003 2003[78]
Samoa
Cricket Samoa
02000 2000[79]
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Cricket Centre
02003 2003[80]
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Cricket Association
02002 2002[81]
Slovenia
Slovenian Cricket Association
02005 2005[2]
South Korea
Korea Cricket Association
02001 2001[82]
Spain
Asociacion Española de Cricket
01992 1992[83]
St Helena
St Helena Cricket Association
02001 2001[84]
Suriname
Surinaamse Cricket Bond
02002 2002[85]
Swaziland
Swaziland Cricket Association
02007 2007[86]
Sweden
Swedish Cricket Federation
01997 1997[87]
Switzerland
Swiss Cricket Association
01985 1985[88]
Tonga
Tonga Cricket Association
02000 2000[89]
Turkey
Turkey Cricket Board
02008 2008[90]
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Cricket Association
02002 2002[91]
List of International Cricket Council members
All members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) on this list are recognised by the ICC as the governing body of the sport of cricket in their respective nations or geographic area. The ICC was founded at Lord's on 15 June 1909 as the Imperial Cricket Conference,[1] with Australia, England, and South Africa as its founding members. In the beginning, only countries within the commonwealth could join.[2] These members were then joined by India, New Zealand, and the West Indies in 1926 and later by Pakistan in 1953.[3] In 1961, South Africa resigned due to their leaving the Commonwealth.[3] The Imperial Cricket Conference was renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965 with new rules permitting countries from outside the Commonwealth to be elected in to the governing body for the first time.[2] Any new member elected to the governing body could only be an Associate Member with the possibility of being promoted to a Full Member. The first Associates were Fiji and the USA.[2] In 1989, the ICC was again renamed, this time to International Cricket Council.[2] South Africa was reelected as a Full Member to the ICC in 1991 and Zimbabwe was elected in 1992.[3] The most recent new Full Member is Bangladesh, which was elected in 2000.[3] The ICC currently has 104 members.[4]
Membership is a hierarchy and there are three categories of membership: Full Members, Associate Members, and Affiliate Members.[2] In the highest category, there are 10 Full Members[5]. Below the Full Members are the 34 Associate Members.[4] In the lowest category, there are 60 Affiliate Members[6].
Contents[hide]
1 Full Members
2 Associate Members
3 Affiliate Members
4 References
//
[edit] Full Members
Full Members are the governing bodies for cricket in a country or associated countries. Full Members may also represent a geographical area. All Full Members have a right to send one representative team to play official Test matches. Also, all Full Member nations are automatically qualified to play ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals.[2] West Indies cricket team does not represent one country instead an amalgamation of several (over 20) countries from the Caribbean. The English Cricket team represents the countries of England and Wales.
Nation
Governing body
Member since
Australia
Cricket Australia
01909-07-15 15 July 1909[2]
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Cricket Board
02000-06-26 26 June 2000[2]
England
England and Wales Cricket Board
01909-07-15 15 July 1909[2]
India
Board of Control for Cricket in India
01926-05-31 31 May 1926[2]
New Zealand
New Zealand Cricket
01926-05-31 31 May 1926[2]
Pakistan
Pakistan Cricket Board
01953-07-28 28 July 1953[2]
South Africa
Cricket South Africa
01909-07-15 15 July 1909A[2]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Cricket
01981-07-21 21 July 1981[2]
West Indies
West Indies Cricket Board
01926-05-31 31 May 1926[2]
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Cricket Union
01992-07-06 6 July 1992[2]
AResigned May 1961, readmitted 10 July 1991.
[edit] Associate Members
These are countries where cricket is firmly established and organised but do not qualify for Full Membership.[2] There are 34 Associate Members.[4] Associates that have made it to World Cricket League Division 1 are awarded ODI status until 2009.[7] They are also awarded Twenty20 status.[8] Also, all Associates are eligible to play in the ICC World Cricket League.[9]
Nation
Governing body
Member since
Argentina
Asociacion de Cricket Argentino
01974 1974[10]
Belgium
Belgian Cricket Federation
01991 1991[11]
Bermuda
Bermuda Cricket Board
01966 1966[2]
Botswana
Botswana Cricket Association
02001 2001[12]
Canada
Cricket Canada
01968 1968[2]
Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands Cricket Association
01997 1997[13]
Denmark
Dansk Cricket Forbund
01966 1966[14]
Fiji
Fiji Cricket Association
01965 1965[15]
France
Association France Cricket
01998 1998[16]
Germany
Deutscher Cricket Bund
01999 1999[17]
Gibraltar
Gibraltar Cricket Association
01969 1969[18]
Guernsey
Guernsey Cricket Association
02008 2008[19]
Hong Kong
Hong Kong Cricket Association
01969 1969[2]
Ireland
Irish Cricket Union
01993 1993[2]
Israel
Israel Cricket Association
01974 1974[2]
Italy
Federazione Cricket Italiana
01995 1995[20]
Japan
Japan Cricket Association
01989 1989[21]
Jersey
Jersey Cricket Board
02007 2007[22]
Kenya
Cricket Kenya
01981 1981[2]
Kuwait
Kuwait Cricket Association
01998 1998[23]
Malaysia
Malaysian Cricket Association
01967 1967[24]
Namibia
Namibia Cricket Board
01992 1992[25]
Nepal
Cricket Association of Nepal
01996 1996[26]
Netherlands
Koninklijke Nederlandse Cricket Bond
01966 1966[2]
Nigeria
Nigeria Cricket Association
02002 2002[27]
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea Cricket Board
01973 1973[28]
Scotland
Cricket Scotland
01994 1994[2]
Singapore
Singapore Cricket Association
01974 1974[29]
Tanzania
Tanzania Cricket Association
02001 2001[30]
Thailand
Thailand Cricket League
01995 1995[31]
Uganda
Uganda Cricket Association
01998 1998[32]
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates Cricket Board
01990 1990[33]
United States
United States of America Cricket Association
01965 1965[2]
Vanuatu
Vanuatu Cricket Association
02009 2009[34]
Zambia
Zambia Cricket Union
02003 2003[35]
[edit] Affiliate Members
These are countries where the ICC recognises that cricket is played according to the Laws of Cricket.[2] There are 60 Affiliate Members.[6] All Affiliates are eligible to play in the ICC World Cricket League.[9]
Nation
Governing body
Member since
Afghanistan
Afghanistan Cricket Federation
02001 2001[36]
Austria
Austrian Cricket Association
01992 1992[37]
Bahamas
Bahamas Cricket Association
01987 1987[38]
Bahrain
Bahrain Cricket Association
02001 2001[39]
Belize
Belize National Cricket Association
01997 1997[40]
Bhutan
Bhutan Cricket Council Board
02001 2001[41]
Brazil
Associaçao Brasileira de Cricket
02002 2002[42]
Brunei
Brunei Darussalam National Cricket Association
01992 1992[43]
Bulgaria
Bulgaria Cricket Federation
02008 2008[44]
Cameroon
Cameroon Cricket Association
02007 2007[45]
Chile
Asociacion Chilena de Cricket
02002 2002[46]
China
Chinese Cricket Board
02004 2004[47]
Cook Islands
Cook Islands Cricket Association
02000 2000[48]
Costa Rica
Costa Rica Cricket Association
02002 2002[49]
Croatia
Croatia Cricket Board
02001 2001[50]
Cuba
Cuban Cricket Commission
02002 2002[51]
Cyprus
Cyprus Cricket Association
01999 1999[52]
Czech Republic
Czech Republic Cricket Union
02000 2000[53]
Estonia
Estonia Cricket Association
02008 2008[54]
Falkland Islands
Falkland Cricket Association
02007 2007[55]
Finland
Finnish Cricket Association
02000 2000[56]
Gambia
Gambia Cricket Association
02002 2002[57]
Ghana
Ghana Cricket Association
02002 2002[58]
Greece
Hellenic Cricket Federation
01995 1995[59]
Indonesia
Indonesia Cricket Foundation
02001 2001[60]
Iran
Cricket Federation for the Islamic Republic of Iran
02003 2003[61]
Isle of Man
Isle of Man Cricket Association
02004 2004[62]
Lesotho
Lesotho Cricket Association
02001 2001[63]
Luxembourg
Luxembourg Cricket Federation
01998 1998[64]
Malawi
Malawi Cricket Association
02003 2003[65]
Maldives
Cricket Control Board of Maldives
01998 1998[66]
Mali
Fédération Malienne de Cricket
02005 2005[2]
Malta
Malta Cricket Association
01998 1998[67]
Mexico
Mexico Cricket Association
02004 2004[68]
Morocco
Moroccan Cricket Association
01999 1999[69]
Mozambique
Mozambican Cricket Association
02003 2003[70]
Myanmar
Myanmar Cricket Federation
02006 2006[71]
Norway
Norwegian Cricket Board
02000 2000[72]
Oman
Oman Cricket Board
02000 2000[73]
Panama
Panama Cricket Association
02002 2002[74]
Peru
Peru Cricket Association
02007 2007[2]
Philippines
Philippines Cricket Association
02000 2000[75]
Portugal
Federacao Portuguesa de Cricket
01996 1996[76]
Qatar
Qatar Cricket Association
01999 1999[77]
Rwanda
Rwanda Cricket Association
02003 2003[78]
Samoa
Cricket Samoa
02000 2000[79]
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Cricket Centre
02003 2003[80]
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Cricket Association
02002 2002[81]
Slovenia
Slovenian Cricket Association
02005 2005[2]
South Korea
Korea Cricket Association
02001 2001[82]
Spain
Asociacion Española de Cricket
01992 1992[83]
St Helena
St Helena Cricket Association
02001 2001[84]
Suriname
Surinaamse Cricket Bond
02002 2002[85]
Swaziland
Swaziland Cricket Association
02007 2007[86]
Sweden
Swedish Cricket Federation
01997 1997[87]
Switzerland
Swiss Cricket Association
01985 1985[88]
Tonga
Tonga Cricket Association
02000 2000[89]
Turkey
Turkey Cricket Board
02008 2008[90]
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Cricket Association
02002 2002[91]
Thursday, September 3, 2009
Lets talk about Cricket
Cricket Jindagi
History of cricket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Contents[hide]
1 Early cricket
1.1 Origin
1.2 Derivation of the name of "cricket"
1.3 First definite reference
1.4 Early seventeenth century
1.5 The Commonwealth
1.6 Gambling and press coverage
2 Eighteenth century cricket
2.1 Patronage and players
2.2 Cricket moves out of England
2.3 Development of the Laws
2.4 Continued growth in England
2.5 Cricket and crisis
3 Nineteenth century cricket
3.1 International cricket begins
3.2 National Championships
3.3 Balls per over
4 Twentieth century cricket
4.1 Growth of Test cricket
4.2 Suspension of South Africa (1970-1991)
4.3 World Series Cricket
4.4 Limited overs cricket
5 21st century cricket
6 References
7 External sources
8 Further reading
//
[edit] Early cricket
Main article: History of cricket to 1725
[edit] Origin
No one knows when or where cricket began but there is a body of evidence, much of it circumstantial, that strongly suggests the game was devised during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald, an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. In medieval times, the Weald was populated by small farming and metal-working communities. It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's game for many centuries before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the beginning of the 17th century [1].
It is quite likely that cricket was devised by children and survived for many generations as essentially a children’s game. Adult participation is unknown before the early 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls, assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep’s wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket [2].
[edit] Derivation of the name of "cricket"
A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest known reference to the sport in 1598 (see below), it is called creckett. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff [2]. Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.
According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase"), which also suggests a Dutch connection in the game's origin. It is more likely that the terminology of cricket was based on words in use in south east England at the time and, given trade connections with the County of Flanders, especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, many Middle Dutch[3] words found their way into southern English dialects [4].
[edit] First definite reference
John Derrick played creckett at The Royal Grammar School in Guildford
Despite many prior suggested references, the first definite reference to the game is found in a 1598 court case concerning dispute over a school's ownership of a plot of land. A 59-year old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school friends had played creckett on the site fifty years earlier. The school was the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and Mr Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey c.1550 [5].
The first reference to it being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two men in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to church [6]. In the same year, a dictionary defines cricket as a boys' game and this suggests that adult participation was a recent development [5].
[edit] Early seventeenth century
A number of references occur up to the English Civil War and these indicate that cricket had become an adult game contested by parish teams, but there is no evidence of county strength teams at this time. Equally, there is little evidence of the rampant gambling that characterised the game throughout the 18th century. It is generally believed, therefore, that village cricket had developed by the middle of the 17th century but that county cricket had not and that investment in the game had not begun [1].
[edit] The Commonwealth
After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on "unlawful assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football. Their laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had been previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth. Having said that, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St Paul's. There is no actual evidence that Oliver Cromwell's regime banned cricket specifically and there are references to it during the interregnum that suggest it was acceptable to the authorities providing it did not cause any "breach of the Sabbath" [1].
[edit] Gambling and press coverage
Cricket certainly thrived after the Restoration in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time [1], equivalent to about £11 thousand in present day terms [7]. Cricket had certainly become a significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century. There is a newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex in 1697 which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 guineas a side [6].
With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in the newspapers . But it was a long time before the newspaper industry adapted sufficiently to provide frequent, let alone comprehensive, coverage of the game. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than on the play [1].
[edit] Eighteenth century cricket
See also: 1697 to 1725 English cricket seasons and Overview of English cricket 1726 - 1815
[edit] Patronage and players
Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660. The first known game in which the teams use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sort of fixtures were being arranged long before that. The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county [1].
The most notable of the early patrons were a group of aristocrats and businessmen who were active from about 1725, which is the time that press coverage became more regular, perhaps as a result of the patrons' influence. These men included Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet, Alan Brodrick and Edward Stead. For the first time, the press mentions individual players like Thomas Waymark [5].
[edit] Cricket moves out of England
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century [4], probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists [4] and to India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century [5]. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonization began in 1788 [5]. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century [5].
[edit] Development of the Laws
See also: Laws of Cricket
The basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. have existed since time immemorial. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up "Articles of Agreement" to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling [6].
In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded MCC at Lord's in 1787. MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently [8].
[edit] Continued growth in England
The game continued to spread throughout England and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue [9]. The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length and pace [1]. Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772 and since then an increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's development [10].
An artwork depicting the history of the cricket bat. (Click on the image for larger view)
The first famous clubs were London and Dartford in the early 18th century. London played its matches on the famous Artillery Ground, which still exists. Others followed, particularly Slindon in Sussex which was backed by the Duke of Richmond and featured the star player Richard Newland. There were other prominent clubs at Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Bromley, Addington, Hadlow and Chertsey.
But far and away the most famous of the early clubs was Hambledon in Hampshire. It started as a parish organisation that first achieved prominence in 1756. The club itself was founded in the 1760s and was well patronised to the extent that it was the focal point of the game for about thirty years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787. Hambledon produced several outstanding players including the master batsman John Small and the first great fast bowler Thomas Brett. Their most notable opponent was the Chertsey and Surrey bowler Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, who is believed to have been the main proponent of the flighted delivery.
It was in answer to the flighted, or pitched, delivery that the straight bat was introduced. The old "hockey stick" style of bat was only really effective against the ball being trundled or skimmed along the ground.
[edit] Cricket and crisis
Cricket faced its first real crisis during the 18th century when major matches virtually ceased during the Seven Years War. This was largely due to shortage of players and lack of investment. But the game survived and the "Hambledon Era" proper began in the mid-1760s.
Cricket faced another major crisis at the beginning of the 19th century when a cessation of major matches occurred during the culminating period of the Napoleonic Wars. Again, the causes were shortage of players and lack of investment. But, as in the 1760s, the game survived and a slow recovery began in 1815.
MCC was itself the centre of controversy in the Regency period, largely on account of the enmity between Lord Frederick Beauclerk and George Osbaldeston. In 1817, their intrigues and jealousies exploded into a match-fixing scandal with the top player William Lambert being banned from playing at Lord's Cricket Ground for life. Gambling scandals in cricket have been going on since the 17th century.
In the 1820s, cricket faced a major crisis of its own making as the campaign to allow roundarm bowling gathered pace.
[edit] Nineteenth century cricket
Main article: Overview of English cricket from 1816 to 1863
A cricket match at Darnall, Sheffield in the 1820s.
The game also underwent a fundamental change of organisation with the formation for the first time of county clubs. All the modern county clubs, starting with Sussex, were founded during the 19th century.
No sooner had the first county clubs established themselves than they faced what amounted to "player action" as William Clarke created the travelling All-England Eleven in 1846. Though a commercial venture, this team did much to popularise the game in districts which had never previously been visited by high-class cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.
The growth of cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted by the development of the railway network. For the first time, teams from a long distance apart could play one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could travel longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds.
In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of overarm and in the same year Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was first published. The "Great Cricketer", W G Grace, made his first-class debut in 1865. His feats did much to increase the game's popularity.
[edit] International cricket begins
The first Australian touring team (1878) pictured at Niagara Falls
The first ever international cricket game was between the USA and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York.[11]
In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia.
Between May and October 1868, a team of Australian Aborigines toured England in what was the first Australian cricket team to travel overseas.
In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and were a spectacular success. No Tests were played on that tour but more soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, arguably the most famous match of all time gave rise to The Ashes. South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.
[edit] National Championships
A major watershed occurred in 1890 when the official County Championship was constituted in England. This organisational initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892-93. Other national competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa, the Plunkett Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India.
The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has become an object of nostalgia, ostensibly because the teams played cricket according to "the spirit of the game", but more realistically because it was a peacetime period that was shattered by the First World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of cricket and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, Wilfred Rhodes, C B Fry, K S Ranjitsinhji and Victor Trumper.
[edit] Balls per over
In 1889 the immemorial four ball over was replaced by a five ball over and then this was changed to the current six balls an over in 1900. Subsequently, some countries experimented with eight balls an over. In 1922, the number of balls per over was changed from six to eight in Australia only. In 1924 the eight ball over was extended to New Zealand and in 1937 to South Africa. In England, the eight ball over was adopted experimentally for the 1939 season; the intention was to continue the experiment in 1940, but first-class cricket was suspended for the Second World War and when it resumed, English cricket reverted to the six ball over. The 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed six or eight balls depending on the conditions of play. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, the six ball over has been used worldwide and the most recent version of the Laws in 2000 only permits six ball overs.
[edit] Twentieth century cricket
[edit] Growth of Test cricket
When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan soon afterwards. The international game grew with several "affiliate nations" getting involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century, three of those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh.
Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th century but it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of 1932-33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called "leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.
[edit] Suspension of South Africa (1970-1991)
See also: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981
The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer Basil D'Oliveira in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition. Ironically, the South African team at that time was probably the strongest in the world.
Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for whom a blacklisting would have little effect.
The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.
[edit] World Series Cricket
See also: World Series Cricket
The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.
[edit] Limited overs cricket
In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity and in 1969 a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship.
Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.
The first limited overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. Limited overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs, after One-day Internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part.
Limited overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Televised coverage beginning with ODIs and quickly adopted for test coverage introduced in-depth statistics, graphical analysis, cameras in the stumps, shots from many angles, high speed photography and various technologies to enable television viewers to judge caught behind decisions, runouts, and lbw with far better information than the umpires.
In 1992, the use of Third Umpires adjudicating runouts with television replays was introduced in the test series between South Africa and India. The first player to be called out by television replay was Sachin Tendulkar. The use of third umpires has expanded steadily to other types of disputed umpiring calls since then.
[edit] 21st century cricket
Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants, spectators and media interest.
The ICC has expanded its Development Program with the goal of producing more national teams capable of competing at Test level. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations; and on the United States. In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time.
In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October 2002 a "One-day International Championship Table". Australia has consistently topped both these tables in the 2000s.
Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held in 2007. The formation of Twenty20 leagues in India - the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 - raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket [12][13][14][15].
History of cricket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Contents[hide]
1 Early cricket
1.1 Origin
1.2 Derivation of the name of "cricket"
1.3 First definite reference
1.4 Early seventeenth century
1.5 The Commonwealth
1.6 Gambling and press coverage
2 Eighteenth century cricket
2.1 Patronage and players
2.2 Cricket moves out of England
2.3 Development of the Laws
2.4 Continued growth in England
2.5 Cricket and crisis
3 Nineteenth century cricket
3.1 International cricket begins
3.2 National Championships
3.3 Balls per over
4 Twentieth century cricket
4.1 Growth of Test cricket
4.2 Suspension of South Africa (1970-1991)
4.3 World Series Cricket
4.4 Limited overs cricket
5 21st century cricket
6 References
7 External sources
8 Further reading
//
[edit] Early cricket
Main article: History of cricket to 1725
[edit] Origin
No one knows when or where cricket began but there is a body of evidence, much of it circumstantial, that strongly suggests the game was devised during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald, an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. In medieval times, the Weald was populated by small farming and metal-working communities. It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's game for many centuries before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the beginning of the 17th century [1].
It is quite likely that cricket was devised by children and survived for many generations as essentially a children’s game. Adult participation is unknown before the early 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls, assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep’s wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket [2].
[edit] Derivation of the name of "cricket"
A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest known reference to the sport in 1598 (see below), it is called creckett. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff [2]. Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.
According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase"), which also suggests a Dutch connection in the game's origin. It is more likely that the terminology of cricket was based on words in use in south east England at the time and, given trade connections with the County of Flanders, especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, many Middle Dutch[3] words found their way into southern English dialects [4].
[edit] First definite reference
John Derrick played creckett at The Royal Grammar School in Guildford
Despite many prior suggested references, the first definite reference to the game is found in a 1598 court case concerning dispute over a school's ownership of a plot of land. A 59-year old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school friends had played creckett on the site fifty years earlier. The school was the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, and Mr Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey c.1550 [5].
The first reference to it being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two men in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to church [6]. In the same year, a dictionary defines cricket as a boys' game and this suggests that adult participation was a recent development [5].
[edit] Early seventeenth century
A number of references occur up to the English Civil War and these indicate that cricket had become an adult game contested by parish teams, but there is no evidence of county strength teams at this time. Equally, there is little evidence of the rampant gambling that characterised the game throughout the 18th century. It is generally believed, therefore, that village cricket had developed by the middle of the 17th century but that county cricket had not and that investment in the game had not begun [1].
[edit] The Commonwealth
After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on "unlawful assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football. Their laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had been previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth. Having said that, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St Paul's. There is no actual evidence that Oliver Cromwell's regime banned cricket specifically and there are references to it during the interregnum that suggest it was acceptable to the authorities providing it did not cause any "breach of the Sabbath" [1].
[edit] Gambling and press coverage
Cricket certainly thrived after the Restoration in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time [1], equivalent to about £11 thousand in present day terms [7]. Cricket had certainly become a significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century. There is a newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex in 1697 which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 guineas a side [6].
With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in the newspapers . But it was a long time before the newspaper industry adapted sufficiently to provide frequent, let alone comprehensive, coverage of the game. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than on the play [1].
[edit] Eighteenth century cricket
See also: 1697 to 1725 English cricket seasons and Overview of English cricket 1726 - 1815
[edit] Patronage and players
Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660. The first known game in which the teams use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sort of fixtures were being arranged long before that. The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county [1].
The most notable of the early patrons were a group of aristocrats and businessmen who were active from about 1725, which is the time that press coverage became more regular, perhaps as a result of the patrons' influence. These men included Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet, Alan Brodrick and Edward Stead. For the first time, the press mentions individual players like Thomas Waymark [5].
[edit] Cricket moves out of England
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century [4], probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists [4] and to India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century [5]. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonization began in 1788 [5]. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century [5].
[edit] Development of the Laws
See also: Laws of Cricket
The basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. have existed since time immemorial. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up "Articles of Agreement" to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling [6].
In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded MCC at Lord's in 1787. MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently [8].
[edit] Continued growth in England
The game continued to spread throughout England and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue [9]. The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length and pace [1]. Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772 and since then an increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's development [10].
An artwork depicting the history of the cricket bat. (Click on the image for larger view)
The first famous clubs were London and Dartford in the early 18th century. London played its matches on the famous Artillery Ground, which still exists. Others followed, particularly Slindon in Sussex which was backed by the Duke of Richmond and featured the star player Richard Newland. There were other prominent clubs at Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Bromley, Addington, Hadlow and Chertsey.
But far and away the most famous of the early clubs was Hambledon in Hampshire. It started as a parish organisation that first achieved prominence in 1756. The club itself was founded in the 1760s and was well patronised to the extent that it was the focal point of the game for about thirty years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787. Hambledon produced several outstanding players including the master batsman John Small and the first great fast bowler Thomas Brett. Their most notable opponent was the Chertsey and Surrey bowler Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, who is believed to have been the main proponent of the flighted delivery.
It was in answer to the flighted, or pitched, delivery that the straight bat was introduced. The old "hockey stick" style of bat was only really effective against the ball being trundled or skimmed along the ground.
[edit] Cricket and crisis
Cricket faced its first real crisis during the 18th century when major matches virtually ceased during the Seven Years War. This was largely due to shortage of players and lack of investment. But the game survived and the "Hambledon Era" proper began in the mid-1760s.
Cricket faced another major crisis at the beginning of the 19th century when a cessation of major matches occurred during the culminating period of the Napoleonic Wars. Again, the causes were shortage of players and lack of investment. But, as in the 1760s, the game survived and a slow recovery began in 1815.
MCC was itself the centre of controversy in the Regency period, largely on account of the enmity between Lord Frederick Beauclerk and George Osbaldeston. In 1817, their intrigues and jealousies exploded into a match-fixing scandal with the top player William Lambert being banned from playing at Lord's Cricket Ground for life. Gambling scandals in cricket have been going on since the 17th century.
In the 1820s, cricket faced a major crisis of its own making as the campaign to allow roundarm bowling gathered pace.
[edit] Nineteenth century cricket
Main article: Overview of English cricket from 1816 to 1863
A cricket match at Darnall, Sheffield in the 1820s.
The game also underwent a fundamental change of organisation with the formation for the first time of county clubs. All the modern county clubs, starting with Sussex, were founded during the 19th century.
No sooner had the first county clubs established themselves than they faced what amounted to "player action" as William Clarke created the travelling All-England Eleven in 1846. Though a commercial venture, this team did much to popularise the game in districts which had never previously been visited by high-class cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.
The growth of cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted by the development of the railway network. For the first time, teams from a long distance apart could play one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could travel longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds.
In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of overarm and in the same year Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was first published. The "Great Cricketer", W G Grace, made his first-class debut in 1865. His feats did much to increase the game's popularity.
[edit] International cricket begins
The first Australian touring team (1878) pictured at Niagara Falls
The first ever international cricket game was between the USA and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York.[11]
In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia.
Between May and October 1868, a team of Australian Aborigines toured England in what was the first Australian cricket team to travel overseas.
In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and were a spectacular success. No Tests were played on that tour but more soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, arguably the most famous match of all time gave rise to The Ashes. South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.
[edit] National Championships
A major watershed occurred in 1890 when the official County Championship was constituted in England. This organisational initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892-93. Other national competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa, the Plunkett Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India.
The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has become an object of nostalgia, ostensibly because the teams played cricket according to "the spirit of the game", but more realistically because it was a peacetime period that was shattered by the First World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of cricket and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, Wilfred Rhodes, C B Fry, K S Ranjitsinhji and Victor Trumper.
[edit] Balls per over
In 1889 the immemorial four ball over was replaced by a five ball over and then this was changed to the current six balls an over in 1900. Subsequently, some countries experimented with eight balls an over. In 1922, the number of balls per over was changed from six to eight in Australia only. In 1924 the eight ball over was extended to New Zealand and in 1937 to South Africa. In England, the eight ball over was adopted experimentally for the 1939 season; the intention was to continue the experiment in 1940, but first-class cricket was suspended for the Second World War and when it resumed, English cricket reverted to the six ball over. The 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed six or eight balls depending on the conditions of play. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, the six ball over has been used worldwide and the most recent version of the Laws in 2000 only permits six ball overs.
[edit] Twentieth century cricket
[edit] Growth of Test cricket
When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan soon afterwards. The international game grew with several "affiliate nations" getting involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century, three of those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh.
Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th century but it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of 1932-33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called "leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.
[edit] Suspension of South Africa (1970-1991)
See also: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981
The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer Basil D'Oliveira in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition. Ironically, the South African team at that time was probably the strongest in the world.
Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for whom a blacklisting would have little effect.
The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.
[edit] World Series Cricket
See also: World Series Cricket
The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.
[edit] Limited overs cricket
In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity and in 1969 a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship.
Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.
The first limited overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. Limited overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs, after One-day Internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test playing nations taking part.
Limited overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Televised coverage beginning with ODIs and quickly adopted for test coverage introduced in-depth statistics, graphical analysis, cameras in the stumps, shots from many angles, high speed photography and various technologies to enable television viewers to judge caught behind decisions, runouts, and lbw with far better information than the umpires.
In 1992, the use of Third Umpires adjudicating runouts with television replays was introduced in the test series between South Africa and India. The first player to be called out by television replay was Sachin Tendulkar. The use of third umpires has expanded steadily to other types of disputed umpiring calls since then.
[edit] 21st century cricket
Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants, spectators and media interest.
The ICC has expanded its Development Program with the goal of producing more national teams capable of competing at Test level. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations; and on the United States. In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time.
In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October 2002 a "One-day International Championship Table". Australia has consistently topped both these tables in the 2000s.
Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held in 2007. The formation of Twenty20 leagues in India - the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 - raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket [12][13][14][15].
Have a look to the Heroes
Have a look to the heroes
Cristiano Ronaldo
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This is a Portuguese name; the first family name is Santos and the second is Aveiro.
Cristiano Ronaldo
Personal information
Full name
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro
Date of birth
5 February 1985 (1985-02-05) (age 24)
Place of birth
Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
Height
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Playing position
Winger
Club information
Current club
Real Madrid
Number
9
Youth career
1993–1995
Andorinha
1995–1997
Nacional
1997–2001
Sporting CP
Senior career*
Years
Club
Apps†
(Gls)†
2001–2003
Sporting CP
25
(3)
2003–2009
Manchester United
196
(84)
2009–
Real Madrid
1
(1)
National team‡
2003–
Portugal
64
(22)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 21:06, 29 August 2009 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 18:18, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, OIH (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾɨʃˈtiɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu]; born 5 February 1985)[1] is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish club Real Madrid and serves as captain of the Portuguese national team. Ronaldo currently holds the distinction of being the most expensive player in football history after having transferred to Real Madrid in a deal worth £80 million (€94m, US$132m). His contract with Real Madrid is believed to have made him the highest-paid player in the world.[2]
Ronaldo began his career as a youth player at CD Nacional and his successes with the team led to a move to Sporting Clube de Portugal two seasons afterwards. Ronaldo's precocious talent caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson and he signed the 18-year-old for £12.24 million in 2003. The following season, Ronaldo won his first club honour, the FA Cup, and reached the UEFA Euro 2004 final with Portugal, in which tournament he scored his first international goal.
In 2008, Ronaldo won his first UEFA Champions League title, and was named player of the tournament. He was named the FIFPro World Player of the Year[3] and the FIFA World Player of the Year, in addition to becoming Manchester United's first Ballon d'Or winner in 40 years.[4]
Three-time Ballon d'Or winner Johan Cruyff said in an interview on 2 April 2008, "Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law, who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United."[5]
Contents[hide]
1 Early life
2 Club career
2.1 Early career
2.2 Sporting CP
2.3 Manchester United
2.3.1 2003–2005
2.3.2 2006–2007
2.3.3 2007–2008
2.3.4 2008–2009
2.4 Real Madrid
3 International career
3.1 2006 World Cup
3.2 Post-World Cup
3.3 International goals
4 Career statistics
5 Honours
5.1 Club
5.1.1 Manchester United
5.2 Individual
5.2.1 Orders
6 Personal life
7 Diving accusations
8 References
9 External links
//
Early life
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born on 5 February 1985 in Funchal, Madeira, the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and José Dinis Aveiro. His second given name, "Ronaldo," was chosen after then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan, who was his father's favourite actor.[6] He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia.[1]
Club career
Early career
At the age of eight, Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha, where his father was the kit man. In 1995, Ronaldo signed with local club CD Nacional, and, after a title-winning campaign, he went on a three-day trial with Sporting CP, who subsequently signed him for an undisclosed sum.[7]
Sporting CP
Ronaldo joined Sporting's other youth players who trained at the Alcochete, the club's football academy. He became the only player ever to play for Sporting's U-16, U-17, U-18, B-team, and first team, all within one season.[8] He scored two goals in his Sporting debut against Moreirense, while featuring for Portugal in the UEFA Under 17 Championships.[9]
When he was 15, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart, a condition that might have forced him to give up playing football. The Sporting staff were made aware of the condition and Ronaldo's mother gave her authorisation for him to go into hospital. While there, he had an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the area of his heart that was causing the problem. The surgery took place in the morning and Ronaldo was discharged from hospital by the end of the afternoon; he resumed training only a few days later.[10]
He was first spotted by then-Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier at 16, but Liverpool declined to take him on because they decided he was too young and needed some time to develop his skills.[11] However, he came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in the summer of 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3–1 in the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon. Ronaldo's performance impressed the Manchester United players, who urged Ferguson to sign him.[12]
Manchester United
2003–2005
Ronaldo with Manchester United
Ronaldo became Manchester United's first-ever Portuguese player when he signed for £12.24 million after the 2002–03 season.[13] He requested the number 28 (his number at Sporting), as he did not want the pressure of living up to the expectation linked to the number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by players such as George Best, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona, and David Beckham. "After I joined, the manager asked me what number I'd like. I said 28. But Ferguson said 'No, you're going to have No. 7,' and the famous shirt was an extra source of motivation. I was forced to live up to such an honour."[14]
Ronaldo made his team debut as a 60th-minute substitute in a 4-0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers. He scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free kick in a 3–0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November 2003. He scored United's thousandth Premier League goal on 29 October 2005 in a 4–1 loss to Middlesbrough. He scored ten goals in all competitions, and fans voted him to his first FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year award in 2005.
2006–2007
In November and December 2006, Ronaldo received consecutive Barclays Player of the Month honours, becoming only the third player in Premier League history to do so after Dennis Bergkamp in 1997 and Robbie Fowler in 1996.[15][16] He scored his 50th Manchester United goal against city rivals Manchester City on 5 May 2007 as United claimed their first Premier League title in four years, and he was voted into his second consecutive FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year award at the end of the year.
Despite rumours circulating in March 2007 that Real Madrid were willing to pay an unprecedented €80 million (£54 million) for Ronaldo,[17] he signed a five-year, £120,000-a-week (£31 million total) extension with United on 13 April, making him the highest-paid player in team history.[18][19]
Ronaldo amassed a host of personal awards for the season. He won the PFA Players' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year awards, joining Andy Gray (in 1977) as the only players to receive this honour.[20] In April, he completed the treble by winning the PFA Fans' Player of the Year. Ronaldo was also one of seven Manchester United players named in the 2006–07 PFA Premier League Team of the Year.
2007–2008
Ronaldo (centre) and Rio Ferdinand celebrating a goal
Ronaldo's 2007–08 season began with a red card for a headbutt on Portsmouth player Richard Hughes during United's second match of the season, for which he was punished with a three-match ban.[21] Ronaldo said he had "learned a lot" from the experience and would not let players "provoke" him in the future.[22] After scoring the only goal in a Champions League away match against Sporting, Ronaldo also scored the injury-time winner in the return fixture as Manchester United topped their Champions League group.[23]
He finished as the runner-up to Kaká for the 2007 Ballon d'Or,[24] and was third in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award, behind Kaká and Lionel Messi.[25]
Ronaldo scored his first hat trick for Manchester United in a 6–0 win against Newcastle United at Old Trafford on 12 January 2008, bringing Manchester United up to the top of the Premier League table.[26] He scored his twenty-third league goal of the season in a 2–0 win against Reading, equalling his entire total for the 2006–07 season.[27] During a 1–1 Champions League first knockout round draw against Lyon on 20 February, an unidentified Lyon supporter continuously aimed a green laser at Ronaldo and United teammate Nani, prompting an investigation by UEFA.[28] One month later, Lyon were fined CHF5,000 (£2,427) for the incident.[29]
On 19 March 2008, Ronaldo captained United for the first time in his career in a home win over Bolton, scoring both goals in the 2–0 victory.[30] The second of the goals was his 33rd of the campaign, which set a new club single-season scoring record by a midfielder and thus topped George Best's forty-year-old total of 32 goals in the 1967–68 season.[31] Ronaldo scored another brace in a 4–0 win over Aston Villa on 29 March, which at the time gave him 35 goals in 37 domestic and European matches as both a starter and substitute. Ronaldo's torrid scoring streak was rewarded with his becoming the first winger to win the 2007–08 European Golden Shoe, finishing eight points ahead of Mallorca's Dani Güiza.[32]
In the 2007–08 Champions League final on 21 May against league rivals Chelsea, Ronaldo scored the opening goal after 26 minutes, which was negated by a Chelsea equaliser in the 45th minute as the match ended 1–1 after extra time. His misfire in the penalty shoot-out put Chelsea in position to win the trophy, but John Terry shot wide right after slipping on the pitch surface, and Manchester United emerged victorious 6–5 on penalties. Ronaldo was named the UEFA Fans' Man of the Match,[33] and wrapped up the campaign with a career-high 42 goals in all competitions, falling just four short of Denis Law's team-record mark of 46 in the 1963–64 season.
2008–2009
Ronaldo taking a free kick.
On 5 June 2008, Sky Sports reported that Ronaldo had expressed an interest in moving to Real Madrid if they offered him the same amount of money the team had allegedly promised him earlier in the year.[34] Manchester United filed a tampering complaint with FIFA on 9 June over Madrid's alleged pursuit of Ronaldo, but FIFA declined to take any action.[35][36] Speculation that a transfer would happen continued until 6 August, when Ronaldo confirmed that he would stay at Manchester for at least another year.[37]
Ronaldo underwent ankle surgery at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam on 7 July.[38] He returned to action on 17 September in United's UEFA Champions League goalless group-stage draw with Villarreal as a substitute for Park Ji-Sung,[39] and scored his first overall goal of the season in a 3–1 League Cup third round win over Middlesbrough on 24 September.
In a 5–0 win over Stoke City on 15 November 2008, Ronaldo scored his 100th and 101st goals in all competitions for Manchester United, both from free kicks.[40] The goals also meant that Ronaldo had now scored against each of the other 19 teams in the Premier League at the time.[41] On 2 December, Ronaldo became Manchester United's first Ballon d'Or recipient since George Best in 1968. He finished with 446 points, 165 ahead of runner-up Lionel Messi.[42]
Ronaldo and Manchester United against Blackburn Rovers F.C..
He was awarded the Silver Ball after finishing with two goals as United won the Club World Cup on 19 December.[43]
On 8 January 2009, Ronaldo was uninjured in a single-car accident in which he wrote off his Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano in a tunnel along the A538 near Manchester Airport. A breathalyzer test he gave to police officers at the scene was negative, and he attended training later that morning.[44] Four days later, he became the first Premier League player ever to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year, in addition to being the first Portuguese player to win the award since Luís Figo in 2001.[45]
Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season, and first since the final against Chelsea, in a 2–0 victory over Internazionale that sent United into the quarter-finals.[46] In the second leg against Porto, Ronaldo scored a 40-yard game-winning goal as United advanced to the semi-finals. He later called it the best goal he had ever scored.[47][48] Ronaldo participated in his second consecutive Champions League final, but made little impact in United's 2–0 loss to Barcelona. He finished with 53 appearances in all competitions, which was four higher than the previous year, but scored sixteen fewer goals (26) than his career-best total of 42 from the previous season.
On 11 June, Manchester United accepted an unconditional offer of £80 million from Real Madrid for Ronaldo after it was revealed that he again had expressed his desire to leave the club.[49] It was confirmed by a representative of the Glazer family that the sale was fully condoned by Ferguson.[50] When Ronaldo had eventually completed his transfer to Real, he expressed his gratitude towards Ferguson for helping him develop as a player, saying, "He's been my father in sport, one of the most important factors and most influential in my career."[51]
Real Madrid
On 26 June 2009, Real Madrid confirmed that Ronaldo would join the club on 1 July 2009, after agreeing terms and signing a six-year contract.[52] It is believed that Ronaldo's contract is worth €13 million per season and it has a €1 billion buy-out clause.[53] He was presented to the world's media as a Real Madrid player on 6 July 2009,[54] where he was handed the number 9 jersey, [55] most recently worn by Javier Saviola. The shirt was presented to him by Madrid legend Alfredo di Stéfano.[56] Ronaldo was welcomed by 80,000 fans at his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, surpassing Diego Maradona's record of 75,000 fans when he was presented in Italy, after he was transferred from Barcelona to Napoli in 1984.[57]
Ronaldo made his debut for Real on 21 July against Irish side Shamrock Rovers and won 1–0 after a late goal from Karim Benzema.
Ronaldo's first goal for Real Madrid was a penalty in a friendly match against Liga de Quito.[58] On 29 August 2009 Ronaldo capped his La Liga debut with a goal, scoring Real's second from the penalty spot in a 3–2 home win against Deportivo La Coruña.[59]
International career
Ronaldo earned his first cap for Portugal in a 1-0 victory against Kazakhstan in August 2003. He was called up for Euro 2004, scoring in a 2-1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece and in a 2-1 semi-final win over the Netherlands. He was named in the team of the tournament despite finishing with only two goals.[60] That same year, he also represented Portugal at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
2006 World Cup
Ronaldo was the second-highest scorer in FIFA World Cup qualification in the European zone with seven goals,[60] and scored his first and only World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick.[61]
During a quarter-final match against England on 1 July 2006, Ronaldo's United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stomping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. The English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced referee Horacio Elizondo's decision by aggressively complaining, after which he was seen in replays winking at the Portuguese bench following Rooney's dismissal. After the match, Ronaldo insisted that Rooney was a friend and that he was not pushing for Rooney to be sent off.[62] On 4 July, Elizondo clarified that the red card was due to Rooney's infraction and not the fracas between Rooney and Ronaldo that followed.[63]
The angry reaction from the English press caused Ronaldo to consider leaving United,[64] and he allegedly told Spanish sports daily Marca that he wished to move to Real Madrid.[65] In response to the speculation, Ferguson sent Portuguese assistant manager Carlos Queiroz to speak to Ronaldo in attempt to change his mind, a sentiment that was shared by Rooney.[66][67] Ronaldo stayed, and signed his new five-year extension in April 2007.[68]
Ronaldo was booed during Portugal's semifinal defeat to France, and missed out on the competition's Best Young Player award due to a negative e-mail campaign from England fans.[69] Though the online vote only affected the nomination process, FIFA's Technical Study Group awarded the honour to Germany's Lukas Podolski, citing Ronaldo's behaviour as a factor in the decision.[70]
Post-World Cup
One day after his twenty-second birthday, Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly against Brazil on 6 February 2007. This move was in honour of Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva, who had died two days earlier. Portugal coach Luiz Felipe Scolari explained, "Mr. Silva asked me to make [Ronaldo] captain as a gesture... [he] is too young to be captain, but Mr. Silva asked me, and now he is no longer with us."[71]
Ronaldo scored eight goals in Portugal's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign,[72] behind Poland's Euzebiusz Smolarek, but finished with only one goal in the tournament as Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Germany. Since the appointment of new Portuguese coach Carlos Queiroz, Ronaldo has been named the new captain of the squad.[73]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a Portuguese name; the first family name is Santos and the second is Aveiro.
Cristiano Ronaldo
Personal information
Full name
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro
Date of birth
5 February 1985 (1985-02-05) (age 24)
Place of birth
Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
Height
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Playing position
Winger
Club information
Current club
Real Madrid
Number
9
Youth career
1993–1995
Andorinha
1995–1997
Nacional
1997–2001
Sporting CP
Senior career*
Years
Club
Apps†
(Gls)†
2001–2003
Sporting CP
25
(3)
2003–2009
Manchester United
196
(84)
2009–
Real Madrid
1
(1)
National team‡
2003–
Portugal
64
(22)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 21:06, 29 August 2009 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 18:18, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, OIH (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾɨʃˈtiɐnu ʁuˈnaɫdu]; born 5 February 1985)[1] is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish club Real Madrid and serves as captain of the Portuguese national team. Ronaldo currently holds the distinction of being the most expensive player in football history after having transferred to Real Madrid in a deal worth £80 million (€94m, US$132m). His contract with Real Madrid is believed to have made him the highest-paid player in the world.[2]
Ronaldo began his career as a youth player at CD Nacional and his successes with the team led to a move to Sporting Clube de Portugal two seasons afterwards. Ronaldo's precocious talent caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson and he signed the 18-year-old for £12.24 million in 2003. The following season, Ronaldo won his first club honour, the FA Cup, and reached the UEFA Euro 2004 final with Portugal, in which tournament he scored his first international goal.
In 2008, Ronaldo won his first UEFA Champions League title, and was named player of the tournament. He was named the FIFPro World Player of the Year[3] and the FIFA World Player of the Year, in addition to becoming Manchester United's first Ballon d'Or winner in 40 years.[4]
Three-time Ballon d'Or winner Johan Cruyff said in an interview on 2 April 2008, "Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law, who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United."[5]
Contents[hide]
1 Early life
2 Club career
2.1 Early career
2.2 Sporting CP
2.3 Manchester United
2.3.1 2003–2005
2.3.2 2006–2007
2.3.3 2007–2008
2.3.4 2008–2009
2.4 Real Madrid
3 International career
3.1 2006 World Cup
3.2 Post-World Cup
3.3 International goals
4 Career statistics
5 Honours
5.1 Club
5.1.1 Manchester United
5.2 Individual
5.2.1 Orders
6 Personal life
7 Diving accusations
8 References
9 External links
//
Early life
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born on 5 February 1985 in Funchal, Madeira, the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and José Dinis Aveiro. His second given name, "Ronaldo," was chosen after then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan, who was his father's favourite actor.[6] He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia.[1]
Club career
Early career
At the age of eight, Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha, where his father was the kit man. In 1995, Ronaldo signed with local club CD Nacional, and, after a title-winning campaign, he went on a three-day trial with Sporting CP, who subsequently signed him for an undisclosed sum.[7]
Sporting CP
Ronaldo joined Sporting's other youth players who trained at the Alcochete, the club's football academy. He became the only player ever to play for Sporting's U-16, U-17, U-18, B-team, and first team, all within one season.[8] He scored two goals in his Sporting debut against Moreirense, while featuring for Portugal in the UEFA Under 17 Championships.[9]
When he was 15, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart, a condition that might have forced him to give up playing football. The Sporting staff were made aware of the condition and Ronaldo's mother gave her authorisation for him to go into hospital. While there, he had an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the area of his heart that was causing the problem. The surgery took place in the morning and Ronaldo was discharged from hospital by the end of the afternoon; he resumed training only a few days later.[10]
He was first spotted by then-Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier at 16, but Liverpool declined to take him on because they decided he was too young and needed some time to develop his skills.[11] However, he came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in the summer of 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3–1 in the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon. Ronaldo's performance impressed the Manchester United players, who urged Ferguson to sign him.[12]
Manchester United
2003–2005
Ronaldo with Manchester United
Ronaldo became Manchester United's first-ever Portuguese player when he signed for £12.24 million after the 2002–03 season.[13] He requested the number 28 (his number at Sporting), as he did not want the pressure of living up to the expectation linked to the number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by players such as George Best, Bryan Robson, Eric Cantona, and David Beckham. "After I joined, the manager asked me what number I'd like. I said 28. But Ferguson said 'No, you're going to have No. 7,' and the famous shirt was an extra source of motivation. I was forced to live up to such an honour."[14]
Ronaldo made his team debut as a 60th-minute substitute in a 4-0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers. He scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free kick in a 3–0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November 2003. He scored United's thousandth Premier League goal on 29 October 2005 in a 4–1 loss to Middlesbrough. He scored ten goals in all competitions, and fans voted him to his first FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year award in 2005.
2006–2007
In November and December 2006, Ronaldo received consecutive Barclays Player of the Month honours, becoming only the third player in Premier League history to do so after Dennis Bergkamp in 1997 and Robbie Fowler in 1996.[15][16] He scored his 50th Manchester United goal against city rivals Manchester City on 5 May 2007 as United claimed their first Premier League title in four years, and he was voted into his second consecutive FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year award at the end of the year.
Despite rumours circulating in March 2007 that Real Madrid were willing to pay an unprecedented €80 million (£54 million) for Ronaldo,[17] he signed a five-year, £120,000-a-week (£31 million total) extension with United on 13 April, making him the highest-paid player in team history.[18][19]
Ronaldo amassed a host of personal awards for the season. He won the PFA Players' Player of the Year and PFA Young Player of the Year awards, joining Andy Gray (in 1977) as the only players to receive this honour.[20] In April, he completed the treble by winning the PFA Fans' Player of the Year. Ronaldo was also one of seven Manchester United players named in the 2006–07 PFA Premier League Team of the Year.
2007–2008
Ronaldo (centre) and Rio Ferdinand celebrating a goal
Ronaldo's 2007–08 season began with a red card for a headbutt on Portsmouth player Richard Hughes during United's second match of the season, for which he was punished with a three-match ban.[21] Ronaldo said he had "learned a lot" from the experience and would not let players "provoke" him in the future.[22] After scoring the only goal in a Champions League away match against Sporting, Ronaldo also scored the injury-time winner in the return fixture as Manchester United topped their Champions League group.[23]
He finished as the runner-up to Kaká for the 2007 Ballon d'Or,[24] and was third in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award, behind Kaká and Lionel Messi.[25]
Ronaldo scored his first hat trick for Manchester United in a 6–0 win against Newcastle United at Old Trafford on 12 January 2008, bringing Manchester United up to the top of the Premier League table.[26] He scored his twenty-third league goal of the season in a 2–0 win against Reading, equalling his entire total for the 2006–07 season.[27] During a 1–1 Champions League first knockout round draw against Lyon on 20 February, an unidentified Lyon supporter continuously aimed a green laser at Ronaldo and United teammate Nani, prompting an investigation by UEFA.[28] One month later, Lyon were fined CHF5,000 (£2,427) for the incident.[29]
On 19 March 2008, Ronaldo captained United for the first time in his career in a home win over Bolton, scoring both goals in the 2–0 victory.[30] The second of the goals was his 33rd of the campaign, which set a new club single-season scoring record by a midfielder and thus topped George Best's forty-year-old total of 32 goals in the 1967–68 season.[31] Ronaldo scored another brace in a 4–0 win over Aston Villa on 29 March, which at the time gave him 35 goals in 37 domestic and European matches as both a starter and substitute. Ronaldo's torrid scoring streak was rewarded with his becoming the first winger to win the 2007–08 European Golden Shoe, finishing eight points ahead of Mallorca's Dani Güiza.[32]
In the 2007–08 Champions League final on 21 May against league rivals Chelsea, Ronaldo scored the opening goal after 26 minutes, which was negated by a Chelsea equaliser in the 45th minute as the match ended 1–1 after extra time. His misfire in the penalty shoot-out put Chelsea in position to win the trophy, but John Terry shot wide right after slipping on the pitch surface, and Manchester United emerged victorious 6–5 on penalties. Ronaldo was named the UEFA Fans' Man of the Match,[33] and wrapped up the campaign with a career-high 42 goals in all competitions, falling just four short of Denis Law's team-record mark of 46 in the 1963–64 season.
2008–2009
Ronaldo taking a free kick.
On 5 June 2008, Sky Sports reported that Ronaldo had expressed an interest in moving to Real Madrid if they offered him the same amount of money the team had allegedly promised him earlier in the year.[34] Manchester United filed a tampering complaint with FIFA on 9 June over Madrid's alleged pursuit of Ronaldo, but FIFA declined to take any action.[35][36] Speculation that a transfer would happen continued until 6 August, when Ronaldo confirmed that he would stay at Manchester for at least another year.[37]
Ronaldo underwent ankle surgery at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam on 7 July.[38] He returned to action on 17 September in United's UEFA Champions League goalless group-stage draw with Villarreal as a substitute for Park Ji-Sung,[39] and scored his first overall goal of the season in a 3–1 League Cup third round win over Middlesbrough on 24 September.
In a 5–0 win over Stoke City on 15 November 2008, Ronaldo scored his 100th and 101st goals in all competitions for Manchester United, both from free kicks.[40] The goals also meant that Ronaldo had now scored against each of the other 19 teams in the Premier League at the time.[41] On 2 December, Ronaldo became Manchester United's first Ballon d'Or recipient since George Best in 1968. He finished with 446 points, 165 ahead of runner-up Lionel Messi.[42]
Ronaldo and Manchester United against Blackburn Rovers F.C..
He was awarded the Silver Ball after finishing with two goals as United won the Club World Cup on 19 December.[43]
On 8 January 2009, Ronaldo was uninjured in a single-car accident in which he wrote off his Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano in a tunnel along the A538 near Manchester Airport. A breathalyzer test he gave to police officers at the scene was negative, and he attended training later that morning.[44] Four days later, he became the first Premier League player ever to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year, in addition to being the first Portuguese player to win the award since Luís Figo in 2001.[45]
Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season, and first since the final against Chelsea, in a 2–0 victory over Internazionale that sent United into the quarter-finals.[46] In the second leg against Porto, Ronaldo scored a 40-yard game-winning goal as United advanced to the semi-finals. He later called it the best goal he had ever scored.[47][48] Ronaldo participated in his second consecutive Champions League final, but made little impact in United's 2–0 loss to Barcelona. He finished with 53 appearances in all competitions, which was four higher than the previous year, but scored sixteen fewer goals (26) than his career-best total of 42 from the previous season.
On 11 June, Manchester United accepted an unconditional offer of £80 million from Real Madrid for Ronaldo after it was revealed that he again had expressed his desire to leave the club.[49] It was confirmed by a representative of the Glazer family that the sale was fully condoned by Ferguson.[50] When Ronaldo had eventually completed his transfer to Real, he expressed his gratitude towards Ferguson for helping him develop as a player, saying, "He's been my father in sport, one of the most important factors and most influential in my career."[51]
Real Madrid
On 26 June 2009, Real Madrid confirmed that Ronaldo would join the club on 1 July 2009, after agreeing terms and signing a six-year contract.[52] It is believed that Ronaldo's contract is worth €13 million per season and it has a €1 billion buy-out clause.[53] He was presented to the world's media as a Real Madrid player on 6 July 2009,[54] where he was handed the number 9 jersey, [55] most recently worn by Javier Saviola. The shirt was presented to him by Madrid legend Alfredo di Stéfano.[56] Ronaldo was welcomed by 80,000 fans at his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, surpassing Diego Maradona's record of 75,000 fans when he was presented in Italy, after he was transferred from Barcelona to Napoli in 1984.[57]
Ronaldo made his debut for Real on 21 July against Irish side Shamrock Rovers and won 1–0 after a late goal from Karim Benzema.
Ronaldo's first goal for Real Madrid was a penalty in a friendly match against Liga de Quito.[58] On 29 August 2009 Ronaldo capped his La Liga debut with a goal, scoring Real's second from the penalty spot in a 3–2 home win against Deportivo La Coruña.[59]
International career
Ronaldo earned his first cap for Portugal in a 1-0 victory against Kazakhstan in August 2003. He was called up for Euro 2004, scoring in a 2-1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece and in a 2-1 semi-final win over the Netherlands. He was named in the team of the tournament despite finishing with only two goals.[60] That same year, he also represented Portugal at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
2006 World Cup
Ronaldo was the second-highest scorer in FIFA World Cup qualification in the European zone with seven goals,[60] and scored his first and only World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick.[61]
During a quarter-final match against England on 1 July 2006, Ronaldo's United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stomping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. The English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced referee Horacio Elizondo's decision by aggressively complaining, after which he was seen in replays winking at the Portuguese bench following Rooney's dismissal. After the match, Ronaldo insisted that Rooney was a friend and that he was not pushing for Rooney to be sent off.[62] On 4 July, Elizondo clarified that the red card was due to Rooney's infraction and not the fracas between Rooney and Ronaldo that followed.[63]
The angry reaction from the English press caused Ronaldo to consider leaving United,[64] and he allegedly told Spanish sports daily Marca that he wished to move to Real Madrid.[65] In response to the speculation, Ferguson sent Portuguese assistant manager Carlos Queiroz to speak to Ronaldo in attempt to change his mind, a sentiment that was shared by Rooney.[66][67] Ronaldo stayed, and signed his new five-year extension in April 2007.[68]
Ronaldo was booed during Portugal's semifinal defeat to France, and missed out on the competition's Best Young Player award due to a negative e-mail campaign from England fans.[69] Though the online vote only affected the nomination process, FIFA's Technical Study Group awarded the honour to Germany's Lukas Podolski, citing Ronaldo's behaviour as a factor in the decision.[70]
Post-World Cup
One day after his twenty-second birthday, Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly against Brazil on 6 February 2007. This move was in honour of Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva, who had died two days earlier. Portugal coach Luiz Felipe Scolari explained, "Mr. Silva asked me to make [Ronaldo] captain as a gesture... [he] is too young to be captain, but Mr. Silva asked me, and now he is no longer with us."[71]
Ronaldo scored eight goals in Portugal's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign,[72] behind Poland's Euzebiusz Smolarek, but finished with only one goal in the tournament as Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Germany. Since the appointment of new Portuguese coach Carlos Queiroz, Ronaldo has been named the new captain of the squad.[73]
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Rules of Football
Rules of the game Discuss this!
Fairplay in football
Basics of Football
Field of Play
The Ball
Number of Players
Equipment
Referee
Assistant referees
Duration fo the match
Start and restart of play
Scoring
Offside
Fouls and misconduct
Punishment for offences
Free kicks
Penalty kick
Throw-in
Goal kick
Corner kick
Further Reading
Prior to the FA’s foundation, each club adhered to their own regulations, and match rules were often only decided on the day. The meeting in 1863 saw the drawing up of a universal code which provided the foundations on which future amendments could be made. The current ‘laws of the game’ are monitored by the domestic Football Associations and FIFA. The following is an interpreted list of those laws, minus much of the detail which is applicable only to prospective referees and to ensure a particular game conforms exactly to official FIFA standards. If you want to educate yourself on the minutiae, check the FIFA official website.
Fairplay in football
Alongside the laws of the game, FIFA advocates a Fair Play programme. Based around a number of rules, typically involving abstract ideas, they are intended to inform footballers and spectators on proper behaviour on and off the field:
Play fair on the field.
Play to win but accept defeat properly.
Observe the Laws of the Game.
Respect everyone involved in the game.
Promote football’s interests.
Honour those who defend football’s reputation.
Reject any corruption, drugs, racism, violence and other harmful vices.
Help others to do exactly the same.
Denounce any who discredits the integrity of football.
Use football to make a better world.
Basics of football
At its core, football is a game with two teams of eleven players, played over the course of 90 minutes. This period is split into two 45-minute halves. The objective of the game is to score more ‘goals’ than the opposition. The term ‘goal’ refers to two areas either side of the pitch, each one defended by one of the teams. A ‘goal’ is scored by depositing the ball into the opponent’s area.
The Laws of the Game
Field of play
Football can be played on a natural or artificial (e.g. Astroturf) surface. However, the shape of the field must be rectangular, with the dimensions of 90-120 metres long by 45-90 metres wide. Notably, the guidelines for international matches are stricter (100-110 metres x 64-75 metres).
Goal Area: Starts 5.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 5.5 metres out, with the two lines joining vertically
Penalty Area: Starts 16.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 16.5 metres out, with the two lines joining vertically.
Flagpost: Placed at each corner, with a quarter-circle on the field (1 metre in radius).
Goals: 7.32 metre area between the posts, and 2.44 metres high. The posts cannot exceed 5 inches in width.
The ball
Naturally spherical, with a circumference of 27-28 inches.
Number of players
One of the eleven is classified as the goalkeeper and permitted to handle the ball in his team’s penalty area. The eleven players are supplemented by the option to bring on a maximum of three substitutes from a pre-decided list of three to seven players (the number of substitutes permitted is slightly higher for international friendly matches).
In order to bring on a substitute, the referee must first be informed and then there has to be a break in the play (for example, a free-kick or a throw-in). The substitute then comes on as a replacement for one of the 11 current players.
Equipment
Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shinguards with socks and studded boots or trainers depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a different coloured jersey for identification purposes.
Referee
The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly referred to as ‘referee’s assistants’) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if necessary. The referee’s tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on the amount of ‘injury time’ to be added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate for injuries and other stoppages), awarding free kicks and penalties and generally dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose to allow play to proceed in case of a foul, providing there is an ‘advantage’ to be gained by the team against which the foul has been committed.
Assistant referees
Follow play from their respective touch lines and help to decide on throw-ins, corner kicks and goalkicks along with offside decisions (although naturally the referee has the final say). Can also draw the referee’s attention and advise on or alert him/her to any on-field activity, which can influence all manner of decisions. To signify their decision or grab the referee’s attention, they wave a brightly coloured small flag, which they keep at all times.
Fairplay in football
Basics of Football
Field of Play
The Ball
Number of Players
Equipment
Referee
Assistant referees
Duration fo the match
Start and restart of play
Scoring
Offside
Fouls and misconduct
Punishment for offences
Free kicks
Penalty kick
Throw-in
Goal kick
Corner kick
Further Reading
Prior to the FA’s foundation, each club adhered to their own regulations, and match rules were often only decided on the day. The meeting in 1863 saw the drawing up of a universal code which provided the foundations on which future amendments could be made. The current ‘laws of the game’ are monitored by the domestic Football Associations and FIFA. The following is an interpreted list of those laws, minus much of the detail which is applicable only to prospective referees and to ensure a particular game conforms exactly to official FIFA standards. If you want to educate yourself on the minutiae, check the FIFA official website.
Fairplay in football
Alongside the laws of the game, FIFA advocates a Fair Play programme. Based around a number of rules, typically involving abstract ideas, they are intended to inform footballers and spectators on proper behaviour on and off the field:
Play fair on the field.
Play to win but accept defeat properly.
Observe the Laws of the Game.
Respect everyone involved in the game.
Promote football’s interests.
Honour those who defend football’s reputation.
Reject any corruption, drugs, racism, violence and other harmful vices.
Help others to do exactly the same.
Denounce any who discredits the integrity of football.
Use football to make a better world.
Basics of football
At its core, football is a game with two teams of eleven players, played over the course of 90 minutes. This period is split into two 45-minute halves. The objective of the game is to score more ‘goals’ than the opposition. The term ‘goal’ refers to two areas either side of the pitch, each one defended by one of the teams. A ‘goal’ is scored by depositing the ball into the opponent’s area.
The Laws of the Game
Field of play
Football can be played on a natural or artificial (e.g. Astroturf) surface. However, the shape of the field must be rectangular, with the dimensions of 90-120 metres long by 45-90 metres wide. Notably, the guidelines for international matches are stricter (100-110 metres x 64-75 metres).
Goal Area: Starts 5.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 5.5 metres out, with the two lines joining vertically
Penalty Area: Starts 16.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 16.5 metres out, with the two lines joining vertically.
Flagpost: Placed at each corner, with a quarter-circle on the field (1 metre in radius).
Goals: 7.32 metre area between the posts, and 2.44 metres high. The posts cannot exceed 5 inches in width.
The ball
Naturally spherical, with a circumference of 27-28 inches.
Number of players
One of the eleven is classified as the goalkeeper and permitted to handle the ball in his team’s penalty area. The eleven players are supplemented by the option to bring on a maximum of three substitutes from a pre-decided list of three to seven players (the number of substitutes permitted is slightly higher for international friendly matches).
In order to bring on a substitute, the referee must first be informed and then there has to be a break in the play (for example, a free-kick or a throw-in). The substitute then comes on as a replacement for one of the 11 current players.
Equipment
Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shinguards with socks and studded boots or trainers depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a different coloured jersey for identification purposes.
Referee
The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly referred to as ‘referee’s assistants’) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if necessary. The referee’s tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on the amount of ‘injury time’ to be added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate for injuries and other stoppages), awarding free kicks and penalties and generally dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose to allow play to proceed in case of a foul, providing there is an ‘advantage’ to be gained by the team against which the foul has been committed.
Assistant referees
Follow play from their respective touch lines and help to decide on throw-ins, corner kicks and goalkicks along with offside decisions (although naturally the referee has the final say). Can also draw the referee’s attention and advise on or alert him/her to any on-field activity, which can influence all manner of decisions. To signify their decision or grab the referee’s attention, they wave a brightly coloured small flag, which they keep at all times.
Duration of the match
The match officially lasts 90 minutes, split into two 45-minute halves with a half-time interval of no longer than 15 minutes.
In the knock-out stages of competitions, extra-time is used if there is no winner after 90 minutes. This extra period is 30 minutes, split into two 15 minute halves. If extra-time does not find a winner, then a penalty shoot-out takes place, where five players from each team are selected and alternate shots on goal from the penalty spot against the opposition goalkeeper. In that instance, the team with the most successful penalties is declared the winner. If they are still tied then they will move on to sudden-death penalties, where each team will take one penalty until one of the two sides has scored move than the other after the side amount of spot kicks.
Start and restart of play
A coin toss takes place just before the game starts, the winner of which will get the choice of choosing which end to attack or whether to kick-off. Should they choose to kick-off then the other captain will be allowed elect which end to attack in the first half. Should the winner decide to choose which end to attack then the loser can choose whether to kick-off in the first or second half.
The kick-off is also used after a goal has been scored, the task befalling the team who has conceded, and for both halves of extra-time.
At the kick-off, players from each side must all be in their half of the field. The actual kick-off takes place on the centre spot in the centre circle. The player who kicks off cannot touch it again until another player has made contact.
Scoring
A team can only score if the whole ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts. The winner is the team who scores more goals, except in a competition where the ‘away goals’ rule applies. The ‘away goals’ rule means that, if a team scores a goal away from their home stadium, the goal counts extra (therefore, a 1-1 scoreline would mean the away team wins).Offside
The perennial problem for newcomers to football is understanding the offside rule. This is made somewhat harder by the fact there are two elements to offsides in football; being in an offside position, and committing an offside offence.
To be in an offside position is to be closer to the opponent’s goal than the last opposition outfield player (therefore excluding the goalkeeper) and the ball. However, to commit an offside offence is to have the ball played forward towards you while in that position. As such, you can be in an offside position and not commit an offside offence.
The rule is further complicated by the fact the referee or his assistant must adjudge you to be ‘active’ in the play before giving an offside decision against you. This can be obvious, for example if you touch the ball in an offside position, but it can be extremely nebulous. The official rule states ‘active’ as meaning “interfering with play… or an opponent… or gaining an advantage by being in that position”. However, as you will find as you watch more and more games, what one referee or linesman considers to be active can be very different to another individual’s interpretation, and the offside rule is generally a major debating point.
There are other factors to consider which can exempt you from the offside rule. You cannot be offside in your own-half of the pitch, for example, and you cannot be penalised for being in an offside position when a goal kick, throw-in, indirect free kick or corner kick is taken.
Fouls and misconduct
A foul can take place anywhere on the pitch, and a free kick is awarded where that foul takes place (excepting fouls in the penalty area, which result in a penalty kick). The referee can choose simply to award the foul, speak to the player about his conduct or take matters further.
Punishment for offences
If the single infraction is deemed serious enough or the culprit persistently offends during a match, the referee can choose to take extra action against a particular individual:
Yellow Card - A ‘caution’ given to a player. If two of these cards are shown to the same player, it means a…
Red Card - Showing a red card to a player means he/she is expelled from the match. A straight red card (no previous ‘caution’) can be shown for extreme offences such as serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, deliberate hand-ball to prevent a goal, a professional foul (denying a goalscoring opportunity) and insulting language and/or gestures.
Free kicks
Whenever a free kick is taken, the opposition must be at least 10 yards away from the ball until it is delivered. If this rule is not adhered to, the kick is retaken. There are two types of free kick awarded, depending on the nature of the offence:
Direct free kick - Allows the team to take a direct shot at the opponent’s goal. Awarded as a result of fouls with evidence intent to harm or reckless/excessive force (e.g. a sliding tackle which takes the player first, shirt-pulling and a deliberate hand-ball).
Indirect free kick - A direct strike on goal is not permitted, meaning any shot must come from the second player to touch the ball after the kick is taken. If a direct strike is successfully made on goal, a goal kick to the opposition is given. An indirect free kick is awarded for any foul which is dangerous or impedes an opponent.
An indirect free kick can be awarded in the case of a passback offence, a fairly uncommon foul in the game. This is given if one team’s player passes the ball to the keeper, who immediately picks it up rather than taking a touch with his feet. The free kick is subsequently taken wherever the goalkeeper picked the ball up.
Penalty kick
A penalty kick is awarded for offences taking place in the penalty and goal area. A nominated member of the team awarded the penalty is allowed a strike at goal from the penalty spot (see the image in the ‘field of play’ section), with only the goalkeeper to beat. The goalkeeper must remain on his line until the ball has been kicked, and all other players must be outside the area behind the penalty spot. After he has taken the kick, he cannot strike the ball again without another player touching the ball.
Throw-in
A throw-in is awarded when the whole ball crosses the touch line (conceded by the team who last touched the ball). It is delivered off the field of play with both hands and from behind and over the deliverer’s head. Otherwise it is deemed to be a ‘foul throw’ and a throw-in is given to the opposition. It cannot go direct to the goalkeeper’s hands (if on the same team) and you cannot score directly from a throw-in.
Goal kick
Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line if it last touched an opposition player. The ball is kicked from anywhere in the goal area outfield, but must cross the penalty area line.
Corner kick
Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line of the opposition, after last touching one of their players. Taken from the corner of whichever side the ball exited the field, in the prescribed quarter-circle space. Opponents must be 10 yards from the corner arc and the kicker cannot touch the ball a second time without contact from someone else beforehand (or the opponent receives an indirect free kick).
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